2024 NECO Biology past questions and answers pdf

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We’ve compiled the 2024 NECO Biology past questions with step-by-step solutions that will help you pass with flying colors in this year NECO Biology exam.

BIOLOGY (NECO) 2024 OBJECTIVE TEST: EXPLANATORY ANSWERS

1. The second level of organization of life is A. cell. B. organ. C. organism. D. system. E. tissue.

Topic: Levels of Biological Organization
Correct Option: E. tissue.
Explanation: The levels of organization in multicellular organisms proceed from simplest to most complex. The sequence is: Chemical (atoms, molecules) → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism. The first level is the cell, and the second level is a group of similar cells working together, which is a tissue.

2. The organelle for respiration in a cell is A. contractile vacuole. B. cytoplasm. C. golgi body. D. lysosome. E. mitochondrion.

Topic: Cell Biology / Cellular Respiration
Correct Option: E. mitochondrion.
Explanation: The mitochondrion is known as the “powerhouse” of the cell because it is the primary site of aerobic cellular respiration. This process breaks down glucose and other fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of the cell.

3. An example of a fungus is A. chlamydomonas B. diatom C. euglena D. mucor E. spirogyra

Topic: Classification of Living Organisms (Kingdom Fungi)
Correct Option: D. mucor
Explanation: Mucor (bread mould) is a classic example of a fungus. Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra are types of green algae (Kingdom Protista/Plantae). Euglena and Diatom are also protists. Fungi are heterotrophic, have cell walls made of chitin, and reproduce using spores.

4. The scientist that named cell is A. Felix Dujardin. B. Mathias Schleiden. C. Michael Faraday. D. Robert. Hooke. E. Theodore Schwann.

Topic: History of Biology / Cell Theory
Correct Option: D. Robert Hooke.
Explanation: In 1665, Robert Hooke observed thin slices of cork under a microscope and saw box-like compartments which he named “cells” because they reminded him of the small rooms (cells) in a monastery. Schleiden and Schwann later developed the cell theory.

5. Which of the following is not an example of a mollusc? A. Mussel B. Octopus C. Periwinkle D. Prawn E. Snail

Topic: Classification of Living Organisms (Invertebrates)
Correct Option: D. Prawn
Explanation: Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca) are soft-bodied invertebrates, often with a shell. Mussel, octopus, periwinkle, and snail are all molluscs. A prawn is a crustacean, which belongs to Phylum Arthropoda. Arthropods are characterized by their jointed appendages and exoskeleton.

6. The causative agent of Lassa fever is A. alga. B. bacterium. C. fungus. D. protozoa E. virus

Topic: Microorganisms and Diseases
Correct Option: E. virus
Explanation: Lassa fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic illness caused by the Lassa virus, a member of the Arenaviridae family. It is transmitted to humans through contact with food or household items contaminated with the urine or faeces of infected Mastomys rats.

7. Fig 3.1 represents A. conifer. B. cycad. C. fern. D. liverwort. E. moss

Topic: Plant Classification (Bryophytes)
Correct Option: E. moss
Explanation: The diagram shows a typical moss plant (a bryophyte). It features a simple leafy shoot (gametophyte) and a stalk (seta) bearing a capsule (sporophyte) on top. This structure is characteristic of mosses.

8. The part labelled I is A. aerobic. B. capsule. C. leaf. D. rhizoid. E. seta.

Topic: Plant Anatomy (Moss)
Correct Option: B. capsule.
Explanation: In the moss life cycle, the structure labelled ‘I’ is the capsule. It is part of the sporophyte and contains the spores which are released for reproduction. The part labelled II is the seta (stalk), and V is the rhizoid (root-like structure).

9. Spider belongs to the class A. arachnida. B. chilopoda. C. crustacea. D. diplopoda E. insecta.

Topic: Classification of Living Organisms (Arthropods)
Correct Option: A. arachnida.
Explanation: Spiders belong to the Class Arachnida. Key features of arachnids include two main body parts (cephalothorax and abdomen), eight legs, and no antennae. Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Crustacea (crabs, prawns), and Insecta (insects) are other classes within the Phylum Arthropoda.

10. Which of the following is a harmful effect of micro organisms? A. Decomposition of compost B. Fermentation of sugar to form alcohol C. Fixation of nitrogen in root nodules of legumes D. Production of antibiotics E. Transmission of diseases

Topic: Microbiology (Economic Importance)
Correct Option: E. Transmission of diseases
Explanation: While microorganisms have many beneficial roles (A, B, C, D), a major harmful effect is their role as pathogens that cause and transmit infectious diseases in plants, animals, and humans.

11. Green gland is an excretory organ of A. cockroach. B. earthworm. C. paramecium. D. prawn. E. tapeworm.

Topic: Excretory Systems in Invertebrates
Correct Option: D. prawn.
Explanation: The green gland (or antennal gland) is the primary excretory organ in crustaceans like prawns and crayfish. It functions like a kidney, filtering waste from the blood and excreting it. Cockroaches use Malpighian tubules, earthworms use nephridia, Paramecium uses a contractile vacuole, and tapeworms use flame cells.

12. The vertebrae located at the tail region is A. caudal. B. cervical. C. lumbar. D. sacral. E. thoracic.

Topic: The Skeletal System (Vertebral Column)
Correct Option: A. caudal.
Explanation: The vertebral column is divided into regions. The caudal vertebrae are those in the tail region. Cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), and sacral (pelvic) are the other regions from anterior to posterior.

13. A type of respiration in the absence of oxygen is known as A. aerobic. B. anaerobic. C. buccal. D. cellular. E. cutaneous.

Topic: Respiration
Correct Option: B. anaerobic.
Explanation: Anaerobic respiration is the process of generating energy (ATP) from nutrients without the presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen. Buccal (mouth), cellular (in cells), and cutaneous (skin) describe locations or methods of breathing, not the oxygen dependency.

14. Which of the following occurs during the process of expiration? A. Air enters the lungs B. Diaphragm relaxes and curves upward C. Pressure in the lungs decreases D. Ribs move downward E. Sternum moves down and close to the backbone

Topic: Gaseous Exchange (Breathing Mechanisms)
Correct Option: B. Diaphragm relaxes and curves upward (and D. Ribs move downward)
Explanation: Expiration (exhaling) is the process of air leaving the lungs. This happens when the respiratory muscles relax. The diaphragm relaxes and domes upward, and the intercostal muscles relax, causing the ribs to move downward and inward. This decreases the volume of the chest cavity, increases the pressure inside the lungs, and forces air out. Both options B and D are correct actions during expiration. In a single-best-answer format, either could be accepted, but the relaxation of the diaphragm is a primary driver.

15. Glucose is converted to glycogen in the A. intestine. B. kidney. C. liver. D. pancreas. E. stomach.

Topic: Nutrition and Metabolism
Correct Option: C. liver.
Explanation: After digestion, excess glucose from the blood is taken up by the liver and muscle cells. Under the influence of the hormone insulin (produced by the pancreas), this glucose is converted into glycogen, a polysaccharide, for storage. This process is called glycogenesis.

16. Involuntary actions are controlled by A. cerebellum B. cochlea. C. occipital lobe. D. olfactory lobe. E. optic nerve.

Topic: Nervous System and Coordination
Correct Option: (None of the options are correct)
Explanation: This question is flawed as none of the options are the primary control center for involuntary actions. Vital involuntary actions like heartbeat, breathing rate, and blood pressure are controlled by the medulla oblongata, located in the brainstem. The cerebellum (A) controls balance and coordinates voluntary movements. The other options are related to specific senses: cochlea (hearing), occipital lobe (vision), olfactory lobe (smell), and optic nerve (transmits visual signals).

17. The following are effects of food shortage in a population except A. cannibalism. B. competition. C. immigration. D. increase in death rate. E. low disease resistance.

Topic: Ecology (Population Dynamics)
Correct Option: C. immigration.
Explanation: Food shortage puts severe pressure on a population, leading to increased competition, a higher death rate (starvation), weakened immune systems (low disease resistance), and extreme behaviours like cannibalism. However, a food shortage would cause individuals to leave an area (emigration), not enter it (immigration).

18. The hormone that helps to break dormancy in seeds is A. abscisic acid. B. auxin. C. cytokinin D. ethylene. E. gibberellin

Topic: Plant Hormones (Growth and Development)
Correct Option: E. gibberellin
Explanation: Gibberellins are a class of plant hormones that promote growth, including stem elongation, germination, and breaking seed dormancy. They stimulate the production of enzymes that break down stored food reserves in the seed. Abscisic acid, in contrast, often induces and maintains dormancy.

19. The hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of water from the glomerular filtrate is A. adrenalin. B. antidiuretic. C. oxytocin. D. pituitrin. E. prolactin.

Topic: Excretion and Homeostasis (Hormonal Control)
Correct Option: B. antidiuretic.
Explanation: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is released from the posterior pituitary gland. It acts on the collecting ducts and distal tubules of the nephrons in the kidneys, increasing their permeability to water. This allows more water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood, thus conserving water.

20. Fig. 3.2 represents the internal A. dicot leaf. B. dicot root. c. dicot stem. D. monocot root. E. monocot stem

Topic: Plant Anatomy
Correct Option: B. dicot root.
Explanation: The diagram shows a cross-section of a root. Key features indicating this are the presence of root hairs (outgrowths of the epidermis) for absorption and the arrangement of the vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). The xylem forms a central, star-shaped structure with phloem in between the arms. This specific “stele” arrangement, without a central pith, is characteristic of a dicotyledonous (dicot) root.

21. The part labeled I is A. cortex. B. endodermis. C. phloem. D. pith. E. xylem.

Topic: Plant Anatomy (Root Structure)
Correct Option: (None of the options are correct)
Explanation: The part labeled ‘I’ is a root hair. A root hair is a tubular extension of an epidermal cell and is the primary site for water and mineral absorption. None of the given options (cortex, endodermis, phloem, pith, xylem) accurately names this structure. These are all internal tissues of the root.

22. External fertilization occurs in A. crocodile. B. hippopotamus. C. tilapia. D. turtle. E. whale.

Topic: Reproduction
Correct Option: C. tilapia.
Explanation: External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which the sperm fertilizes the egg outside the female’s body. This is common in aquatic animals like fish (e.g., tilapia) and amphibians. Reptiles (crocodile, turtle) and mammals (hippopotamus, whale) all practice internal fertilization.

23. The vector of sleeping sickness is A. blackfly. B. butterfly. C. housefly. D. mosquito. E. tsetse fly

Topic: Diseases and Vectors
Correct Option: E. tsetse fly
Explanation: Sleeping sickness (African Trypanosomiasis) is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tsetse fly, which acts as the biological vector.

24. Implantation of a developing embryo takes place in the A. cervix B. oviduct. C. uterus. D. vagina. E. vulva.

Topic: Mammalian Reproduction
Correct Option: C. uterus.
Explanation: After fertilization occurs in the oviduct (fallopian tube), the resulting embryo travels to the uterus. There, it embeds itself into the uterine wall (endometrium) in a process called implantation. This establishes a connection with the mother’s blood supply to allow for further development.

25. The following are functions of placenta in mammals except A. absorption of food. B. gaseous exchange. C. production of enzymes. D. production of hormones. E. removal of nitrogenous wastes.

Topic: Mammalian Reproduction (Placenta)
Correct Option: C. production of enzymes.
Explanation: The placenta is a vital organ that performs many functions: it facilitates the transfer of nutrients (food) and oxygen to the fetus (A, B), removes waste products like urea (E), and produces crucial hormones like hCG, progesterone, and estrogen to maintain pregnancy (D). While it has enzymatic activity related to hormone synthesis and transport, it does not produce digestive enzymes in the way the gut does. Therefore, “production of enzymes” is the least accurate description of its primary roles and the correct exception.

26. Chlorosis in plants occurs due to deficiency of A. boron. B. calcium. C. copper. D. iron. E. phosphorus.

Topic: Plant Nutrition
Correct Option: D. iron.
Explanation: Chlorosis is the yellowing of leaf tissue due to a lack of chlorophyll. Both iron and magnesium are essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll. Iron acts as a cofactor in the enzymatic steps of chlorophyll production. While magnesium deficiency also causes chlorosis (as it’s the central atom in the chlorophyll molecule), iron is a very common cause and is the best fit among the options.

27. The type of placentation represented in Fig.3.3 is A. axile. B. basal. C. central. D. marginal. E. parietal

Topic: Plant Reproduction (Placentation)
Correct Option: E. parietal
Explanation: The diagram shows a single-chambered ovary where the ovules (III) are attached to the inner wall of the ovary. This arrangement is known as parietal placentation.

28. The part labeled III is A. chamber. B. funicle. C. ovary. D. ovule. E. placenta.

Topic: Plant Reproduction (Flower Anatomy)
Correct Option: D. ovule.
Explanation: The structure labeled III is the ovule, which contains the female gamete. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. The part labelled II is the placenta (where ovules attach), and the entire structure is the ovary.

29. An example of a fruit with this type of placentation is A. bean. B. coconut. C. pawpaw. D. pineapple. E. tomato.

Topic: Plant Reproduction (Placentation Examples)
Correct Option: C. pawpaw.
Explanation: Pawpaw (Carica papaya), as well as cucumber and mustard, are examples of plants that exhibit parietal placentation. Bean has marginal placentation, and tomato has axile placentation.

30. The female part of a flower is known as A. androecium. B. calyx. C. corolla. D. gynoecium. E. pedicel.

Topic: Plant Reproduction (Flower Anatomy)
Correct Option: D. gynoecium.
Explanation: The gynoecium (also called the pistil) is the collective term for all the female reproductive parts of a flower, typically consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. The androecium is the male part (stamens). Calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals) are non-reproductive whorls.

31. Opening and closing of stoma depends on the turgidity of the A. cell membrane. B. chloroplast. C. epidermal cell. D. guard cell. E. palisade.

Topic: Plant Physiology (Transpiration)
Correct Option: D. guard cell.
Explanation: Each stoma (plural: stomata) is a pore surrounded by a pair of specialized guard cells. When guard cells take in water and become turgid (swollen), they bow outwards, opening the pore. When they lose water and become flaccid, the pore closes. This mechanism regulates gas exchange and water loss.

32. In a test for starch, the leaf is placed in alcohol to A. denature the enzyme. B. kill the cells. C. make it more permeable to D. remove the chlorophyll. E. soften the leaf.

Topic: Plant Physiology (Photosynthesis Experiment)
Correct Option: D. remove the chlorophyll.
Explanation: The leaf is first boiled in water to kill the cells and denature enzymes. Then, it is boiled in alcohol (usually in a water bath for safety) to decolorize it. This removes the green chlorophyll pigment, which would otherwise mask the blue-black color change that indicates the presence of starch when iodine solution is added.

33. The type of joint at the elbow is known as A. gliding. B. hinge. C. pivot. D. saddle. E. suture.

Topic: The Skeletal System (Joints)
Correct Option: B. hinge.
Explanation: The elbow joint is a classic example of a hinge joint. It allows for movement in only one plane, like the hinge on a door, permitting flexion and extension (bending and straightening) of the forearm.

34. One of the components of the vascular bundle is A. collenchyma. B. palisade. C. parenchyma. D. sclerenchyma. E. xylem.

Topic: Plant Anatomy (Tissues)
Correct Option: E. xylem.
Explanation: A vascular bundle in a plant is composed primarily of two transport tissues: xylem (transports water and minerals) and phloem (transports sugars). Collenchyma, parenchyma, and sclerenchyma are types of ground or supporting tissues. Palisade is a photosynthetic tissue in the leaf.

35. The correct representation of a complete metamorphosis is from A. egg → imago → larva → pupa. B. egg → larva → pupa → imago. C. Egg → pupa → larva → imago. D. Larva → pupa → egg → imago. E. Pupa → imago → larva → egg.

Topic: Growth and Development (Insect Metamorphosis)
Correct Option: B. egg → larva → pupa → imago.
Explanation: Complete metamorphosis involves four distinct life stages. The organism hatches from an egg into a feeding stage called a larva (e.g., caterpillar). The larva then enters an inactive transitional stage called a pupa (e.g., chrysalis). Finally, it emerges as the reproductive adult, or imago.

36. An example of insect that exhibits incomplete metamorphosis is A. aphid. B. bee. C. housefly. D. mosquito. E. wasp.

Topic: Growth and Development (Insect Metamorphosis)
Correct Option: A. aphid.
Explanation: Incomplete metamorphosis has three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The nymph resembles a smaller, wingless version of the adult and molts several times as it grows. Aphids, grasshoppers, and dragonflies undergo incomplete metamorphosis. Bees, houseflies, mosquitoes, and wasps all undergo complete metamorphosis.

37. Part of the alimentary canal where pepsin acts is A. colon. B. gullet. C. ileum. D. mouth. E. stomach.

Topic: Digestion
Correct Option: E. stomach.
Explanation: Pepsin is a potent protein-digesting enzyme. It is secreted in an inactive form (pepsinogen) by the stomach walls and is activated by the highly acidic environment (hydrochloric acid) of the stomach. It begins the chemical digestion of proteins into smaller polypeptides.

38. The enzyme that coagulates milk is A. erepsin. B. pepsin. C. ptyalin. D. renin. E. trypsin.

Topic: Digestion
Correct Option: D. renin.
Explanation: Renin (also known as chymosin) is an enzyme found in the stomachs of infant mammals. Its function is to curdle or coagulate milk, which slows its passage through the stomach, allowing for more efficient digestion by pepsin. Ptyalin is in saliva, trypsin and erepsin in the small intestine.

39. Part of the digestive system of a bird where food is stored temporarily is called A. colon. B. crop. C. gizzard. D. oesophagus. E. stomach.

Topic: Comparative Anatomy (Digestive Systems)
Correct Option: B. crop.
Explanation: In many birds, the crop is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or oesophagus. Its primary function is to temporarily store food before it moves on to the rest of the digestive tract. The gizzard is used for grinding food.

40. Example of an animal with heterodont dentition is A. bat B. chameleon C. crocodile D. shark E. toad

Topic: Comparative Anatomy (Dentition)
Correct Option: A. bat
Explanation: Heterodont dentition means having different types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) specialized for different functions. This is a characteristic feature of mammals, including bats. Reptiles (chameleon, crocodile) and fish (shark) typically have homodont dentition, where all teeth are similar in shape.

41. Fig.3.4 represents part of system. A. circulatory B. digestive C. excretory D. nervous E. reproductive

Topic: Organ Systems
Correct Option: B. digestive
Explanation: The diagram shows the stomach and the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum), which are key components of the upper gastrointestinal tract, part of the digestive system.

42. The part labelled V is A. cardiac sphincter. B. duodenum. C. gastric mucosa. D. oesophagus. E. pyloric sphincter.

Topic: Digestive System Anatomy
Correct Option: A. cardiac sphincter.
Explanation: The part labelled V is the sphincter muscle at the junction of the oesophagus and the stomach. It is called the cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter. It controls the passage of food into the stomach and prevents acid reflux.

43. The exit of food substance is guided by the part labelled A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

Topic: Digestive System Anatomy
Correct Option: D. IV
Explanation: The part labelled IV is the pyloric sphincter. This is a ring of muscle at the exit of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

44. A plant that attaches itself to another for support only is known as a/an A. epiphyte. B. halophyte. C. hydrophyte. D. saprophyte. E. xerophyte.

Topic: Ecology (Interrelationships)
Correct Option: A. epiphyte.
Explanation: An epiphyte is a plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant (such as a tree) and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and debris accumulating around it. It uses the host plant only for physical support. It is not parasitic.

45. The instrument used to measure air pressure is A. anemometer. B. barometer C. hydrometer. D. photometer. E. thermometer.

Topic: Scientific Instruments
Correct Option: B. barometer
Explanation: A barometer is the scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. An anemometer measures wind speed, a hydrometer measures the density of liquids, a photometer measures light intensity, and a thermometer measures temperature.

46. Which of the following biomes is not found in Nigeria? A. Coniferous forest B. Guinea savanna C. Mangrove swamp D. Sahel savanna E. Tropical rainforest

Topic: Ecology (Biomes)
Correct Option: A. Coniferous forest
Explanation: Coniferous forests (or Taiga) are characterized by cone-bearing, needle-leaved evergreen trees and are found in temperate and cold regions of the world. Nigeria’s climate is tropical, so it contains tropical rainforest, mangrove swamps, and various savanna biomes (Guinea, Sudan, Sahel), but not coniferous forests.

47. The instrument used to demonstrate geotropic response in plant is known as A. anemometer B. klinostat. C. photometer. D. pooter. E. thermometer.

Topic: Plant Physiology (Tropism)
Correct Option: B. klinostat.
Explanation: A klinostat (or clinostat) is a device that uses a slow, constant rotation to nullify the effect of a directional stimulus, like gravity or light. It is used in experiments to demonstrate geotropism (response to gravity) and phototropism (response to light) in plants.

48. Bile is stored in the part labelled A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V

Topic: Digestive System (Accessory Organs)
Correct Option: D. IV
Explanation: The diagram shows the liver (I), pancreas (II), and gall bladder (IV). Bile is produced by the liver (I) and is then stored and concentrated in the gall bladder (IV) before being released into the small intestine.

49. The part labelled II A. duodenum. B. gall bladder. C. liver. D. pancreas. E. stomach.

Topic: Digestive System (Accessory Organs)
Correct Option: D. pancreas.
Explanation: The structure labeled II is the pancreas. It is an elongated gland located behind the stomach. It has both exocrine functions (producing digestive enzymes) and endocrine functions (producing hormones like insulin and glucagon).

50. The adaptive black and yellow bands in wasps is for A. aestivation. B. batesian mimicry. C. camouflaging. D. counter shading. E. warning colouration.

Topic: Animal Adaptation and Behaviour
Correct Option: E. warning colouration.
Explanation: The bright, contrasting black and yellow stripes of a wasp are a form of aposematism, or warning colouration. This conspicuous pattern signals to potential predators that the wasp is dangerous or unpalatable (due to its sting), deterring attacks.

51. Which of the following is not an adaptive feature for water conservation in cactus? A. Broad leaf B. Succulent stem C. Tap root system D. Thick waxy cuticle E. Thorny leaf

Topic: Plant Adaptation (Xerophytes)
Correct Option: A. Broad leaf
Explanation: Cacti are xerophytes, adapted to survive in arid conditions. Their adaptations for water conservation include a succulent stem to store water, a thick waxy cuticle to reduce water loss, leaves modified into thorns/spines to reduce transpiration and provide protection, and an extensive root system. Broad leaves have a large surface area and would lead to excessive water loss through transpiration, so this is not an adaptation for conservation.

52. The lens used for correcting myopia is A. biconcave. B. bifocal. C. concave. D. convex. E. cylindrical.

Topic: Sense Organs (The Eye)
Correct Option: C. concave.
Explanation: Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when the eye focuses images in front of the retina instead of on the retina, making distant objects appear blurry. A concave lens is a diverging lens that spreads out light rays before they enter the eye, effectively moving the focal point backward onto the retina to correct the vision.

53. Nerve impulses are carried from sense organs to the central nervous system by A. enzyme. B. hormone. C. motor neurone. D. sensory neurone. E. veins.

Topic: Nervous System
Correct Option: D. sensory neurone.
Explanation: Sensory neurons (or afferent neurons) are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the body’s tissues and organs (like skin, eyes, ears) towards the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Motor neurons carry signals away from the CNS to effector organs like muscles.

54. Food chains are linked together to form A. climax community. B. ecological niche. C. food web. D. population density. E. trophic level.

Topic: Ecology (Energy Flow)
Correct Option: C. food web.
Explanation: An ecosystem rarely consists of simple, isolated food chains. Most organisms feed on multiple types of organisms and are in turn eaten by several others. These complex, interconnected feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem are represented as a food web.

55. The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is A. coal. B. gas. C. petroleum. D. sunlight. E. wind.

Topic: Ecology (Energy Flow)
Correct Option: D. sunlight.
Explanation: The ultimate source of energy for almost all life on Earth is sunlight. Producers, such as plants and algae, capture this light energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. This chemical energy is then passed along the food chain to all other organisms (consumers and decomposers).

56. The animal that lives on land but returns to water to reproduce is A. lizard. B. tilapia. C. toad. D. turtle. E. whale.

Topic: Classification and Life Cycles (Amphibians)
Correct Option: C. toad.
Explanation: Toads are amphibians. Adult amphibians are typically terrestrial (live on land), but they must return to aquatic environments to lay their eggs, which lack a protective shell and would otherwise dry out. The larvae (tadpoles) are fully aquatic. Lizards and turtles (reptiles) lay shelled eggs on land. Whales (mammals) and tilapia (fish) are fully aquatic.

57. The transmission of character from one generation of organism to another is referred to as A. evolution. B. genotype. C. heredity D. phenotype. E. variation.

Topic: Genetics
Correct Option: C. heredity
Explanation: Heredity is the passing on of physical or mental characteristics (traits) genetically from one generation to another. Evolution is the change in these heritable characteristics over successive generations. Genotype is the genetic makeup, phenotype is the observable trait, and variation refers to the differences among individuals.

58. The process by which felled trees are replaced is known as A. afforestation. B. deforestation. C. desertification. D. reafforestation. E. regeneration.

Topic: Ecology and Conservation
Correct Option: D. reafforestation.
Explanation: Reafforestation (or reforestation) is the process of replanting trees in an area where a forest was previously cleared (e.g., by felling or fire). Afforestation is planting a forest in an area that was not previously forested. Deforestation is the removal of forests.

59. Which of the following is not a fingerprint pattern? A. Arch B. Compound C. Loop D. Simple E. Whorl

Topic: Human Biology/Genetics
Correct Option: D. Simple
Explanation: The three basic fingerprint patterns are the Arch, Loop, and Whorl. More complex patterns, like the Compound (or composite), are combinations of these basic types. “Simple” is not a standard classification for a fingerprint pattern.

60. An example of a vestigial organ in humans is A. appendix B. heart C. lung. D. Stomach E. tongue.

Topic: Evolution (Evidence)
Correct Option: A. appendix
Explanation: A vestigial organ is a structure that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution. The vermiform appendix in humans is a classic example. It is a remnant of a larger cecum that was used for digesting cellulose in our herbivorous ancestors. The heart, lung, stomach, and tongue are all fully functional and vital organs.

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UI Post UTME Past Questions and Answers pdf
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2024 NECO Agricultural Science past questions and answers pdf
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2024 NECO Chemistry past questions and answers pdf
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